Urbanization is a major feature of economic development, and involves many structural changes across the economic system which have important implications for energy consumption. This paper provides empirical evidence on urbanization and energy consumption in Iran over the period 1973–2006, using ARDL testing approach and factor decomposition model. The results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long-term relationship among total energy consumption, population, GDP (gross domestic product) and the level of urbanization. meanwhile, the results of the causality test using ECM (error correction model) to test short- and long-term dynamics of the relevant variables, indicate that there exists only a unidirectional Granger causality relationship between urbanization and total energy consumption in the short run. On the other hand, the results support the existence of a long-term, bidirectional causality relationship between urbanization and total energy consumption. Factor decomposition analysis indicates that technical progress, urbanization process, and economic development have respectively the greatest impacts on the energy consumption in Iran. At present, the share of urbanization in increasing energy consumption is smaller than the past, and the energy intensity is gradually on the fall.

The paper presents a simple and economical control scheme for reducing the input current distortion in a boost-type AC-DC converter by employing rectified-voltage PWM. The method is described for a single-phase converter, and simulation and experimental results are presented. The method is extended to a three-phase single-switch converter and simulation results are given.

Among graphene-like family, phosphorene is a typical semiconducting layered material, which can also be a superconductor in low temperature. Applying pressure or tension on phosphorene lattice results in changing the hopping terms, which change the energy bands of the material. In this research we use the tight-binding Hamiltonian, including relevant hopping terms, to calculate energy bands of normal and under tension phosphorene. Our results show that the energy gap decreases by decreasing 𝒕𝟐/𝒕𝟏from 3 to 2, and finally the gap disappears.

The derivation of the static reference corrections was generally based on a fairly simple geological model close to the surface. The lack of detailed information near the surface leads to inaccuracies in this model and, therefore, in static corrections. Residual static corrections are designed to correct small inaccuracies in the near-surface model. Their application should lead to an improvement of the final section treated compared to that in which only static corrections is applied. For example, if the final stacked section is to be inverted to produce an acoustic impedance section, it is important that the variations in amplitude along the section represent the changes in the reflection coefficient as close as possible. This is unlikely to be the case if small residual static errors are present. In addition, static reference corrections are not a unique set of values because a change in reference results in a different set of corrections. Due to variation in the Earth's surface, velocities, and thicknesses of near-surface layers, the shape of the travel time hyperbola changes. These deviations, called static, result in misalignments and events lost in the CMP, so they must be corrected during the processing. After correcting the statics of long wavelengths, there are still some short-wavelength anomalies. These “residual” statics are due to variations not counted in the low-velocity layer. The estimation of the residual static in complex areas is one of the main problems posed by the processing of seismic data, and the results from this processing step affect the quality of the final reconstructed image and the results of the interpretation. Residual static can be estimated by different methods such as travel time inversion, power stacking, and sparsity maximization, which are based on a coherent surface assumption. An effective method must be able to denoise the seismic signal without losing useful data and have to function properly in the presence of random noise. In the frequency domain, it is possible to separate the noise from the main data, so denoising in the frequency domain can be useful. Besides, the transformation areas are data-driven and require no information below the surface. The methods in the frequency domain generally use the Fourier transform, which takes time and has certain limits. Wavelet transformation methods always provide a faster procedure than Fourier transformation. We have found that this type of wavelet transform could provide a data-oriented method for analyzing and synthesizing data according to the oscillation behavior of the signal. Tune able Q Factor Discrete Wavelet Transform (TQWT) is a new method that provides a reliable framework for the residual static correction. In this transformation, the quality factor (Q), which relates to the particular oscillatory behavior of the data, could be adjusted in the signal by the user, and this characteristic leads to a good correspondence with the seismic signal. The Q factor of an oscillatory pulse is the ratio of its center frequency to its bandwidth. TQWT is developed by a tow channel filter bank. The use of a low-pass filter eliminates high-frequency data,these high-frequency components are the effect of residual static. After filtering, the data will be smoother,this amount of correction gives the time offset for the residual static correction. This time difference must apply to all traces. Applying this method to synthetic and real data shows a good correction of the residual static.

This study investigates the reinforcement correction factor of concrete core in more detail to prepare appropriate outlines for interpretation of results. This investigation aims to minimize uncertainties involved to carry out the more realistic condition assessment of suspect buildings before taking up retrofitting/strengthening measures. For this purpose, an extensive experimental program including different concrete strength level, moisture condition, core size, length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of core and steel bar size with various configurations was under taken. The effect of variation of foregoing parameters on the ratio of average compressive strength of cores containing steel bars to that of corresponding plain specimens was probed. The results show that the correction factors are highly dependent on the values of volume percentage and position of reinforcing bars in the core, which are extremely interrelated. Hence, the experimental results do not show a good agreement with the provisions by the British Standard 6089 and Concrete Society Report No. 11. Therefore, a statistical analysis on the prediction of cube compressive strength using linear and nonlinear regression models is accomplished. The results showed that regression models have great ability as a feasible tool for prediction of compressive strength on the basis of core testing in the presence of steel bars. However, the most accurate results obtained by nonlinear equations in comparison with linear models.

In small towing tanks, due to tank and model dimension limitations, tests have been performed at low Reynolds number and laminar flow regimes. In this condition, flow momentum is low and as a result, the probability of flow separation is high. This has been resulted to a difference in flow behavior around the model and prototype. Therefore the scale effect in model testing cannot be avoided, which will be grater in small towing tanks. For correction of results in all towing tanks, the scale effect correction factor has been used. This paper is a result of tests done on a model of a 35000 tons Product Carrier. Tests have been done with and without a turbulent simulator and the scale correction factor for both conditions has been evaluated. Results show that, without a turbulent simulator, this factor approximately has been changed linearly. And, in the case of using a turbulent simulator, the amount of this factor decreased extremely and varied nonlinearly.

Most existing power converters and industrial motor drive systems draw non-sinusoidal currents from the supply. Non-sinusoidal currents contained harm harmonics disturb the power supply which it causes serious concern for reliability. Other equipments that use the same power supply are adversely affected. This paper suggests the operation and performance of a new modified AC/DC converter that allows bi-directional power flow. It also provides improved power factor and reduces harmonic magnitude and disturbance to the supply by system. The bi-directional feature allows recovery of regenerative energy of loads, back to the power supply and the converters. The proposed converter has high potential for industrial applications, such as electronically controlled traction system, lifts and generally industrial motor drive systems which can increase overall efficiency and reliability.